Personnel from the Coronado Expedition who Visited Texas

Introduction

Our final article on the Coronado Expedition identifies the personnel from the expedition who visited Texas. The objective of this article is to identify as many of the officers, soldiers, and other members of the expedition who set foot in Texas in 1541 as possible. In some cases, we know with certainty that the people listed visited Texas, but in many cases, we can only figure that they probably did or may have. People who were known members of the Coronado Expedition, but who definitely did not visit Texas, however, are not included in this article's scope.

This article assumes that the reader is generally familiar with the Coronado Expedition. It uses information about the expedition's route and timeline presented in our previous articles. Readers are encouraged to refer to those articles if they find it difficult to follow this one. Readers who are not very familiar with the Coronado Expedition at all may wish to look at our overview of the expedition first.

One of the few references in the historical sources that gives a sense of the expedition's size is a comment by Castañeda that "1,000 horses and 500 of our cows and more than 5,000 rams and ewes and more than 1,500 friendly Indians and servants" crossed the plains east of Cicuye.¹ Castañeda, rather oddly (in our view), does not estimate the size of Coronado's army in this passage, but a number between 300 and 400 seems reasonable. This would mean that the part of the expedition that crossed into Texas consisted of close to 2,000 people. The number of those people who have been identified in historical documents, however, is less than 400. As with our other articles on the Coronado Expedition, then, this personnel roster is in no way complete, but is the product of a historical exercise which attempts to extract as much data as we can out of the available documents.

Sources

The sources for this article are different than those used in our previous articles. The narrative accounts of the Coronado Expedition, such as those written by Coronado, Castañeda, and Jaramillo, help us to learn where the expedition went, when it was there, what it did, and why. They provide little help, however, in telling us who went on it. They focus on the movements of Coronado and his captains, making only passing mentions of a few of the common soldiers, and even fewer of the native allies, clergy, women, and slaves. Building a personnel roster, then, requires consulting a much larger set of documents than these few narrative accounts.

The Muster Roll

The single largest source of names of Coronado Expedition personnel is a document known as the "muster roll." On February 22, 1540, just before setting out on his long march to the north, General Coronado made an inspection of his troops in Compostela, New Galicia. This was a formal occasion and was accorded the seriousness and ceremony consistent with it. The officials who were on hand to witness this inspection included Antonio de Mendoza, viceroy of New Spain; Cristóbal de Oñate, the lieutenant governor of the province of New Galicia; and Gonzalo de Salazar and Peralméndez Cherinos, two treasury officials from New Spain.

The muster roll was compiled by Coronado's scribe, Juan de Cuevas, who dated it February 27. It gives the names of the 288 men-at-arms present, including the general and Cuevas himself. It also notes the number of horses each man brought, along with the number and type of weapons and pieces of armor he had. Cuevas's document is in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville. It was first translated to English and published by Professor Arthur S. Aiton of the University of Michigan in 1939.

The muster roll is far from being an exhaustive list of people who went on the Coronado Expedition. As Cuevas himself notes, the muster taken in Compostela on February 22 did not include a sizable advance force that had already departed from Culiacan, nor did it include many men who were on their way from Mexico City and had not yet arrived. Cuevas estimates there were "two hundred and thirty odd" such uncounted men. Another serious defect of the muster roll, for our purposes, is that it only includes the soldiers, omitting all clergy, personal attendants, slaves, native allies, and other non-combatants. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint theorize that it also deliberately omitted the names of several men who were established residents (vecinos) of New Spain and New Galicia because of complaints brought by Marquis Hernán Cortés that Mendoza and Coronado were leaving too few able-bodied Spanish men in the country to defend against native uprisings. Flint and Flint write that the muster roll omitted "at least three-fourths of the expedition members."

Despite its incompleteness, the muster roll does allow us to make a few generalizations about the expedition personnel. For example, out of the 288 men included in the muster roll, at least 189 are known to have survived the expedition, and only 7 are known to have died on it. While we cannot assume a similar survival rate for the 173 men-at-arms for whom we have insufficient information - one of the most likely reasons for there to be a lack of information about someone is because he died - it is safe to say that Coronado brought a sizable army back with him, and that his losses in personnel were not nearly as high as some of his contemporaries, such as Narváez and De Soto.

Other Sources

There are numerous other sources besides the muster roll from which expedition members' names can be gleaned. Castañeda and Jaramillo give a few. Antonio de Espejo, who led an expedition to New Mexico in 1583, gives a few more names in his report. More names can be pulled out of legal documents. These include applications for government aid by expedition survivors, who brought fellow expeditionaries to testify for them to verify their claims of service to the crown. Expeditionaries are listed as witnesses in other formal proceedings, such as the inquiries into charges of cruelty that were brought against General Coronado, Captain López de Cárdenas, and others. Expeditionaries' names appear in wills and probate proceedings. In fact, the third-largest source of names, after the muster roll and Castañeda, is a set of documents dealing with the will of a soldier named Juan Jiménez, who died before the expedition returned to New Galicia. These documents record the names of 36 people who went on the expedition, including 6 who are not mentioned in any other source. More names were preserved by early historians of Spanish North America, such as Friar Antonio Tello, who had access to source materials that are now lost.

The most exhaustive work done on compiling a list or data base of Coronado Expedition personnel has been done by historians Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. In 2012, the Flints published Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539-1542, a volume containing 34 documents of the Coronado Expedition. Appendix 3 of this volume lists 370 soldiers, friars, women, children, native allies, slaves, and others who participated in it. Even this list severely undercounts the friendly Indians of New Spain and New Galicia, who may have numbered around 1,000 to 1,500, and it certainly also undercounts the slaves, wives, and other groups.

Since the publication of Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539-1542, the Flints have continued their research and uncovered more than a dozen additional names of expedition members. Some of these can be found in an online database named "A Most Splendid Company."

The Texas Subset

If our goal was to compile a list of known Coronado Expedition personnel, all we would have to do is refer to Appendix 3 of the Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539-1542. Our interest in identifying the members of the expedition who visited Texas introduces a new variable, however. There were three companies or parties of the expedition who did not go to Texas: a naval party, led by Captain Hernando de Alarcón, that sailed up the Gulf of California and the mouth of the Colorado River; a company that was posted at "Hearts" (Corazones), led by Melchior Díaz and Diego de Alcaraz; and a company led by Captain Don Pedro de Tovar that did not join the main army until after it had already concluded the part of the expedition that visited Texas. In addition, there were individuals who were sent back to New Galicia or New Spain because of injuries, to deliver messages, or for other reasons. And, of course, there are those who died before the expedition reached Texas, either from conflicts with natives, accidents, or natural causes. Castañeda and the other authors tell us about a few of these changes in personnel, but we have to assume there were many more additions and subtractions - mostly subtractions - from Coronado's force in the 1500 miles and 15 months between Compostela and the New Mexico-Texas state line.

Another difference between our list and the Flints' is that we are also interested in people who were natives of and/or already living in the Tierra Nueva, or new land, and joined Coronado's expedition when it came through. This includes the guides, Turk and Ysopete, among others.

Because of the spotty information in the sources, out of the 377 people named on the Flints' roll, there are only 26 who we can be sure visited Texas. By the same token, there are only 34 who we are sure did not. The large majority cannot be verified one way or the other. Still, the sources provide some clues that can help us make educated guesses about many of them. Using these clues, we have placed all of the names we have into one of five groups: 1) those whose presence in Texas is verified by the documentary record, 2) those whose presence in Texas, while not verified, can be assumed with close to 100 percent certainty, 3) those who, in our view, probably visited Texas, although there could be some reasonable doubt, 4) those who may have visited Texas, and 5) those who definitely or probably did not visit Texas. This last group is omitted from this page; the first four groups are listed below. Altogether, there are 343 named individuals, plus a few anonymous natives, servants, and slaves.

List of Personnel

The following subsections list the known personnel of the Coronado Expedition, grouped according to the likelihood that they visited Texas. Many of the names are spelled differently in the various expedition documents, so some alternate spellings are given in parentheses.

The muster roll indicates whether each man on it was a horseman or a member of the infantry. It also provides some information about the person's rank and status. We have tried to preserve much of that information here. A few terms ought to be explained. A captain was a leader of a company of horsemen or infantry. Some captains had 8 or 9 men in their company, while other companies were larger. Many companies had a junior officer called an alferez, translated herein as "lieutenant." Hidalgo was a title of nobility, not a military rank. Many, but not all, captains were also hidalgos; this is indicated by the addition of "Don" to their names. Not all hidalgos were captains, but the documents show that even these gentlemen sometimes commanded groups of soldiers. In the cases where a soldier's capacity on the expedition is unknown (which always indicates that his name came from somewhere other than the muster roll), it is given simply as "man-at-arms."

Some of the personnel are known only by their given names, and some only by their surnames. In many instances, it is difficult or impossible to tell whether what appears to be a man's surname is actually his town or province of origin. For example, the scribe who compiled the muster roll signed his named "Juan de Cuevas," but he appears on his own muster roll as "Juan de Duero." This means he was from the town of Aranda y Duero, which was (and still is) known for its vast network of underground caves (cuevas) dating back to the Middle Ages. His actual family name, then, is unknown. This complicates any attempt to alphabetize the lists by surname. For this reason, these lists are alphabetized by given name. In cases where only a man's surname is known, it is treated as his given name for purposes of ordering the list.

Another reason for ordering the list by given name is that there are more spelling variations for surnames, they are usually not easy to guess, and these variations can throw a name's position off significantly (for example, Urrea/Gurrea, Sánchez/Sáurez/Xuárez, and Báez/Páez). In comparison, there are far fewer spelling variations of given names, and most of those that exist (e.g. Jaco/Jacque, Pedro/Pero) do not change the alphabetization order much. Therefore, it is easier to find a specific person on a list ordered by given name than by surname.

Note that "Don" is a title of nobility, not a name, and while it is written in the lists where applicable, it is not used for alphabetization. The prefixes "de," "del," "de la," and "la" are also not used for alphabetization in these lists.

The following symbols are used:

• Spanish captain, senior officer, or hidalgo
• Spanish or European lieutenant or enlisted man-at-arms
• Spanish friar
• Native man of any rank or status (man-at-arms, clergy, slave, guide, etc.)
• Woman of any race or status
• All others, most of whom were black and/or slaves. Most, but not all, blacks were slaves, and most slaves were probably black, but the documents are usually unclear concerning specific individuals, saying only that they were black or that they were a slave.

Persons Confirmed to Have Visited Texas

The following 17 persons associated with the Coronado Expedition can be confirmed by the existing documents as having visited Texas in May and June of 1541. These expeditionaries can be placed in Texas by one or more of the first-hand accounts (i.e. Castañeda, Jaramillo) or by another witness besides himself. Where possible, we have identified whether they went with the Quivira party or returned to Tiguex with the main army (see our analysis of Coronado's route for more information):

• Andrés de Campo, horseman. Possibly a member of the Quivira party. Traveled across Texas with a few companions after the rest of the expedition went home.
• Diego López, captain. Went with the Quivira party.
• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, captain-general. Commanded the Quivira party.
• Don García López de Cárdenas, was promoted to maestre de campo ("field master") before the expedition left Mexico, after the man holding that rank was killed by natives. Returned to Tiguex with the main army.
• Gómez Saúrez (Xuárez) de Figueroa, horseman. Member of the Quivira party.
• Juan Jaramillo, horseman and expedition chronicler. Member of the Quivira party.
• Juan de Contreras, horseman. Member of the Quivira party.
• Juan de Padilla, friar. Member of the Quivira party.
• Juan de Torquemada, lieutenant. Member of the Quivira party.
• Juan Troyano, artilleryman. Member of the main army.
• Juan de Zaldivar, captain. Member of the Quivira party.²
• Lucas, native and Franciscan lay brother. Went to Quivira with Juan de Padilla and subsequently traveled across Texas with Andrés del Campo.
• Pedro de Castañeda (de Nájera), horseman and expedition chronicler. Member of the main army.
• Don Rodrigo Maldonado, captain.
• Sebastián, native and Franciscan lay brother. Went to Quivira with Juan de Padilla and subsequently traveled across Texas with Andrés del Campo.
• Don Tristán de Arellano, captain. Commanded the main army's return to Tiguex.
• The Turk, a native of the southeastern U.S. Guided Coronado's army out of Cicuye and was taken in chains to Quivira, where the Spaniards killed him.
• Ysopete, a native of Quivira. Guided Coronado's party to Quivira and was permitted to remain there.

Persons Who Can be Assumed to Have Visited Texas

Coronado's army arrived at Tiguex in several waves between September 1540 and January 1541. At least three people, but probably more, returned to New Galicia before the excursion to Quivira began. The excursion began on April 23, 1541. The expedition crossed the New Mexico-Texas state line probably around May 11, and was back in New Mexico by about September 13. A relief company arrived at Tiguex soon afterward. None of the accounts of the expedition state that anyone stayed at Tiguex during the excursion to Quivira.

Based on the above facts, we assume that any expeditionary who was in Tiguex before the excursion to Quivira began and who survived until at least mid-May 1541 visited Texas, except for those few who were known to have returned to New Galicia. We also assume that any expeditionary who is known to have been in Tiguex before the relief force arrived visited Texas. Using this logic, the presence of the following 12 people in Texas can reasonably be assumed, even though there are no explicit statements in the documents that place them there.

• Andrés, native. Went to Quivira with either with General Coronado, Friar Juan de Padilla, or both, and may have subsequently traveled across Texas with Andrés del Campo.
• Andrés Perez, horseman. Was in the first party to reach Tiguex and is known to have survived the expedition.
• Cristóbal, black slave of Juan Jaramillo.
• Cristóbal de Escobar, horseman.³
• Francisco (Velasco) de Barrionuevo, captain.⁴
• Hernando (Fernando) de Alvarado, captain of artillery.
• Hernando Martín Bermejo, horseman and Coronado's personal secretary.⁵
• Luis de Úbeda (de Escalona), friar. Was at Cibola and was alive when the expedition left Tiguex in 1542.⁶
• Sebastián, black slave of Juan Jaramillo.
• Xabe, a native of Quivira living in Cicuye. Stayed with the main army.

Persons Who Probably Visited Texas

Coronado's army arrived at Cibola in two waves in July and September 1540. It proceeded from there in waves to Tiguex, and then on to Texas and Quivira. The accounts tell us of a few people, but now many, who returned home from the expedition early, and some who were sent back as messengers. It is safe to say, though, that the vast majority - nearly all - of the expeditionaries who made it at least as far as Cibola in 1540 also visited Texas, except for those who died before May 1541.

• Juan Barragán, man-at-arms(?) Was with the expedition in April 1541 and is known to have survived.
• Antonio Castilblanco, friar.⁷
• Daniel, friar.
• Don Diego de Guevara, captain.⁸
• Francisco de Torres, man-at-arms. Was wounded at Cibola and is known to have survived the expedition.
• Juan Fioz, trumpeter and horseman.
• Juan de Galeras, horseman.
• Juan de Orduña, man-at-arms. Fought at Cibola and is known to have survived the expedition.
• Juan de Villegas, horseman. Was at Cibola and is believed to have been in Tiguex before the uprising. Known to have survived.⁹
• Juan de Vitoria, man-at-arms(?). Was at Cibola and is known to have survived.
• Don Lope de Urrea (Gurrea), hidalgo.
• Pablo de Melgosa, captain of infantry.
• Pedro de Ledesma, horseman and Coronado's personal servant or attendant.
• one hired servant of Cristóbal de Escobar. He presumably came to Texas with Escobar.
• servants of Captain Don Tristán de Arellano, number unknown, mentioned in the muster roll because Arellano brought arms for them. They presumably visited Texas along with Arellano.

Persons Who May Have Visited Texas

This group includes anyone whose name is in the expeditionary record and whose presence in Texas is unknown and cannot be estimated. The likelihood that an expeditionary visited Texas is greater for those who are known to have survived and for those who were known to be in Tiguex after the excursion to Quivira ended. The main reason that people meeting those criteria cannot be assumed to have visited Texas is because there were approximately 40 men-at-arms led by Captain Don Pedro de Tovar who arrived at Tiguex after the Quivira excursion ended.¹⁰

This list excludes all expeditionaries who were members of one of the three parties that definitely did not visit Texas, those whose deaths prior to May 1541 have been established, and those who the documents state were sent back or given leave to go back to New Spain or New Galicia before the expedition reached Texas.

• Alonso Alvarez, infantry. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Alonso de Aranda, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Canseco, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso Esteban de Mérida, horseman.
• Alonso González, lieutenant.
• Alonso González, horseman (nephew or son of the above). One of the Alonso Gonzálezes was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Alonso Hernandez, infantry.
• Alonso Jiménez, infantry. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Alonso López, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Alonso Maldonado, horseman.
• Don Alonso Manrique de Lara, hidalgo. Known to have survived.
• Alonso Martín Parra, horseman.
• Alonso de Medina, horseman.
• Alonso Millero, infantry.
• Alonso de (del) Moral, lieutenant.
• Alonso Muñoz de Castañeda, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Paradiñas, horseman.
• Alonso Pérez, horseman. Known to have survived.¹¹
• Alonso Rodríguez Parra, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Saavedra, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso Sánchez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso Sánchez's son, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Toro, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Valderey, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Alonso de Valencia, horseman.
• Alonso de Velasco, horseman.
• Alonso Vos de Ribadeo, infantry.
• Andrés Berrugo, horseman.
• Andrés de Covarrubias, horseman.
• Andrés Hernández (de Encina Sola), horseman.
• Andrés Martín, horseman.
• Andrés Martín, infantry from Portugal.
• Andrés de Miranda, horseman.
• Andrés de Salinas, man-at-arms.¹²
• Andrés, native.¹³
• Antón Delgado, horseman.
• Antón García, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Antón Martín, infantry.
• Antón Miguel, horseman.
• Antón Negrín, man-at-arms(?). Was in Tiguex in 1542 and is known to have survived.
• Antón Pérez Buscavida, man-at-arms(?). Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Antón Ruiz, infantry.
• Antón, native.
• Antonio Álvarez, horseman.
• Antonio de Laredo, infantry.
• Antonio de Ribera (Ribero) (de Espinosa), horseman and royal factor. Known to have survived.
• Baltasar de Acevedo (Azebedo), horseman.
• Baltasar de Zamora, infantry.
• Bartolomé del Campo, horseman.¹⁴
• Bartolomé Garrido, man-at-arms. Known to have survived the expedition.
• Bartolomé Napolitano, horseman.
• Bartolomé de Pedes (Cespedes), infantry.
• Bartolomé Sánchez (Saúrez), infantry.
• Bartolomé Serrano, horseman.
• Cervantes (Servantes, Seruantes, Ceruantes), man-at-arms.¹⁵
• Cristóbal Bertao, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Cristóbal Caballero, horseman.
• Cristóbal Gallego, horseman.
• Cristóbal García, horseman.
• Cristóbal Gutiérrez, horseman.
• Cristóbal Hernández Moreno, horseman.
• Cristóbal de la Hoz, horseman.
• Cristóbal Maldonado, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Cristóbal de Mayorga, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1540-1541. Known to have survived.
• Cristóbal Pérez de Avila, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Cristóbal de Quesada, horseman and painter. Known to have survived.
• Cristóbal Velázquez (Velasco), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Cristóbal del Valle, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Damián, native. Known to have survived.
• Diego de Candia, infantry.
• Diego del Castillo, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Diego de Cerbatos, horseman.¹⁶
• Diego Dávalos, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Diego Díaz de Santo Domingo, infantry.
• Diego Gallego, man-at-arms(?). Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Diego Hernández, lieutenant. Was in Tiguex in 1541.
• Diego de Madrid (Avendaño), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Diego de Mata, infantry.
• Diego de Medina, infantry.
• Diego de Morilla, horseman.
• Diego Núñez de Garueña (Garbeña, Garveña), horseman.¹⁷
• Diego Núñez de Mirandilla, horseman.
• Diego de Puelles, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Diego de Salamanca, horseman.
• Diego Sánchez de Fromista, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Domingo Alonso, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Domingo Martín, horseman. Was in Tiguex and is known to have survived the expedition.
• Domingo Ruiz, infantry.
• Esteban Martín, infantry. Known to have survived.
• Fernán Páez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Fernán González, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Fernand González, horseman.
• Florian (Froliano) Bermúdez, horseman.
• Florián de Mazuela, horseman.
• Francisca de Hozes, wife of Alonso Sánchez. Known to have survived.
• Don Francisco Abuy, native.
• Francisco Calderón, horseman.
• Francisco de Alcántara, horseman.
• Francisco de Castro, horseman.
• Francisco de Cornejo, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Francisco Díaz, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Francisco de Godoy, infantry.
• Francisco Gómez, horseman in Captain López de Cárdenas's company.
• Francisco Gómez, horseman not initially assigned to a company.
• Francisco Gómez, infantry.
• Francisco Górez, infantry.
• Francisco González, horseman.
• Francisco Gorvalan (Gorbalan), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco Gutiérrez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco Hernández de Arriba, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Francisco Jiménez, native. Known to have survived.
• Francisco López, infantry.
• Francisco Martín, horseman.
• Francisco Martín, infantry.¹⁸
• Francisco Mondragón, man-at-arms.
• Francisco Muñoz, horseman. Known to have survived.¹⁹
• Francisco de Olivares, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco de Padilla, horseman.
• Francisco de Parada, horseman.
• Francisco Rodriguez, horseman.
• Francisco Roxo Loro, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco Roxo el mozo (junior), man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Francisco de Santillán (Santillana), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco de Simancas, horseman.
• Francisco de Temiño, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Francisco de Valdivieso, horseman.
• Francisco de Vargas, infantry.
• Francisco de Villafranca, infantry.
• Francisco Yautl, native.
• Gabriel Hernández, infantry.
• Galiveer, infantry.
• García del Castillo, horseman. Known to have survived.
• García Padilla, native. Known to have survived.
• García de Perea, infantry. Known to have survived.
• García Rodríguez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Gaspar Alvarez, horseman from Portugal.
• Gaspar de Guadalupe, horseman.
• Gaspar Rodríguez, infantry.
• Gaspar de Saldaña, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Gaspar de Salamanca, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Gaspar, native.
• Gerónimo Mercado de Sotomayor, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Gerónimo Ramos, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Gómez Román, horseman.
• Gonzalo de Arjona, horseman.
• Gonzalo de Castilla, horseman.
• Gonzalo Hernández, horseman.
• Gonzalo Vázquez, horseman.
• Gonzalo Yáñez, infantry. Known to have survived.
• Graviel (Gabriel) López, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Hernán García de Llerena, infantry.
• Hernán Gómez de la Peña, horseman. Was with the expedition on its return from Tiguex in 1542.
• Hernando de Alva (Alba), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Hernando de Barahona, horseman.
• Hernando Botello, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Hernando de Casoverde (Castroverde), horseman.
• Hernando de Valle, horseman.
• Horta (Aorta) Homem, horseman from Portugal.
• Jaco (Jacobo) de Brujas (Bruges), infantry. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Jerónimo (Gerónimo) de Estrada, horseman.
• Jorge Báez (Páez), horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542 (but did not survive the expedition).
• Juan Barbero, infantry. Known to have survived.
• Juan Batista de San Vitores, horseman.
• Juan de Benavides, horseman.
• Juan Bermejo, infantry. Was at Cibola. Known to have survived.
• Juan de Beteta, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan de Bustamante, horseman.
• Juan Carlos de Bonilla, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Juan de Celada, infantry.
• Juan Coavis, native. Known to have survived.
• Juan Cordero, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan de Cuevas (Cuebas) (de Aranda de Duero), horseman and scribe.
• Juan Francés, infantry. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Juan Franco de Mentre, horseman.
• Juan de Gaztaca, horseman.
• Juan Gómez de Paradiñas, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Gómez de Salazar, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Juan de Guernica (Vizcaíno)²⁰, infantry. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Juan Hernández, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Juan Jiménez, horseman. Died in Tiguex in February 1542.
• Juan López de la Rosa (de Sáyago), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Martín de la Fuente del Arco, infantry.²¹
• Juan Martín de la Fuente del Maestre, horseman.
• Juan Morillo, infantry.
• Juan Navarro, horseman.
• Juan Paniagua, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Pastor, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Pedro, man-at-arms. Was with the expedition in New Mexico in 1542.
• Juan de Peña (Peñas), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Pérez (de Aragón), horseman.
• Juan Pérez de Vergara, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Juan de Plasencia, infantry.
• Juan de Ramos, horseman.²²
• Juan de Ribadeneyra, horseman.
• Juan Rodríguez de Alange, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Juan Rodríguez de Avalos, horseman.
• Juan Ruiz (from Hispaniola), man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.²³
• Juan Ruiz (from Compostela), man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Juan de Salamanca, infantry.
• Juan de Santovaya, infantry.
• Juan de Solís Farfán, horseman.
• Juan de Sotomayor, man-at-arms.
• Juan Tlecanen, native.
• Juan Troyano's native wife.²⁴
• Juan (de) Vaca, horseman.
• Juan de Vallarra, infantry.
• Juan Xuárez de Ávila, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Juan de Zagala, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Julián de Sámano, horseman. Known to have survived
• Lázaro, infantry (drummer).
• Leonardo Sánchez, horseman.
• Lope Caballero, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Lope Caballero's wife, native.
• Lope (Hernando) de la Cadena, horseman. Known to have survived.²⁵
• Lope de la Cadena, horseman.
• Lope Gallego, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Lorenzo Álvarez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Lorenzo Girones (Ginovés, Genovés), infantry.
• Luis de la Chica, horseman.
• Luis de Escobedo, horseman.
• Luis Hernández, horseman.
• Luis de León, native. Known to have survived.
• Luis de Pigredo (Figueredo), horseman. Known to have survived.²⁶
• Luis (Ramírez) de Vargas, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Luisa, native woman, interpreter.
• Manuel Hernández, horseman.
• Marco Romano, horseman.
• María Maldonado, wife of Juan Gómez de Paradinas. Known to have survived.
• Martín de Estepa, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Martín de Villaroya, horseman.
• Martín Alonso de Astorga, infantry.
• Martín Hernández, horseman in Captian Diego López's company.
• Martín Hernández, horseman (not assigned to a company on the muster roll).
• Martín Hernández Chillón, infantry.
• Martín Sánchez, horseman.
• Martín Xalacate, native.
• Melchior Pérez, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Melchior de Robles, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Maestre (Maese) Miguel, horseman. (Maestre was most likely a form of address, and Miguel his given name.)
• Maestre Miguel's son, horseman.
• Miguel de Castro, horseman.
• Miguel de Entreambas Aguas (Entrambasaquas), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Miguel de Fuenterrabía, infantry. Known to have survived.
• Miguel Hernández, infantry.
• Miguel Sánchez, infantry.
• Miguel Saúrez (or Sánchez), horseman in Captain Gutiérrez's company.
• Miguel Saúrez (or Sánchez) de Plasencia, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Miguel de Torres, horseman. May have been in Tiguex in 1542.
• Miguel de Torres, infantry. May have been in Tiguex in 1542.²⁷
• Onofre (Nofre) Hernández, horseman.
• Pascual Bernal de Molina, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Pedro, black crier. Was in Tiguex in 1542. May have survived.
• Pedro de Alcántara, infantry.
• Pedro Alvarez, horseman.
• Pedro de Benavente, horseman.
• Pedro de Benavides, horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542. Known to have survived.
• Pedro (Pero) Bóo, horseman.
• Pedro de Castro, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Pedro Cortés, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Pedro de Écija, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Pedro (Pero) Gerónimo (Jerónimo), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Pedro (Pero) González, horseman.
• Pedro (Pero) Hernández, horseman in Captian Diego López's company.
• Pedro (Pero) Hernández, horseman (not assigned to a company in the muster roll).
• Pedro (Pero) Hernández Calvo, horseman.
• Pedro (Pero) Hernández de Guadalajara, infantry.
• Pedro de Huerve (Huerva, Huelva), man-at-arms(?). Was in Tiguex in 1541.
• Pedro de Lasojo, man-at-arms(?). Was in Tiguex in 1541.
• Pedro Linares, horseman.
• Pedro López de Ciudad Real, horseman.
• Pedro López de Urrea, man-at-arms. Known to have survived.
• Pedro Márquez, horseman.
• Pedro (Pero) Martín Cano (Cavo), horseman. Known to have survived.
• Pedro Martín de la Bermeja, infantry. Known to have survived.
• Pedro Mayoral, horseman.
• Pedro Navarro, horseman.
• Pedro Nieto, horseman.
• Pedro de Ortega, horseman.
• Pedro Ramos, lieutenant.
• Pedro Sánchez (del Barco de Avila), horseman.²⁸
• Pedro de Talavera, infantry.
• Pedro de Varas (Vargas), horseman.
• Rodrigo Alvarez (de Zafra), infantry.
• Rodrigo de Barrionuevo, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo de Escobar, horseman.
• Rodrigo de Frias, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo de Gámez, infantry.
• Rodrigo de Paz Maldonado, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo Sánchez, man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo Simón (Ximón), man-at-arms(?). Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo de Tamarán, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Rodrigo de Trujillo, horseman, on the muster roll. In Tiguex in 1542.
• Rodrigo de Vera, horseman.
• Rodrigo de Ysla (Isla), horseman. Was in Tiguex in 1542.
• Roque Alvarez, infantry.
• Rosele Vázquz de Garuel (Garivel), horseman.
• Salinas, son of Andrés de Salinas, horseman.²⁹
• Sancho Ordóñez, horseman. Known to have survived.
• Sancho Rodrígues, horseman.
• Sebastián de Soto, horseman.
• Simón García, horseman.
• Tomás Blaque, man-at-arms (from Scotland). Known to have survived.
• Velasco, horseman.³⁰
• a young native of Petatlan who came to Cibola with Estevanico and joined Coronado'e expedition there.
• a black slave belonging to Melchior Pérez, his wife and children, and an unknown number of natives. They were in Tiguex when Coronado ended the expedition.
• a black friar (a Hispanic freeman, not a slave). Was in Tiguex when Coronado ended the expedition.

Summary

The number of people who arrived in present-day Texas with the Coronado Expedition in 1541, including Spanish and European men-at-arms, friars, native allies, slaves, wives, and children, probably numbered around 2,000. The sources of information about the expedition, which include narrative accounts, letters, lists, contemporary histories, and other types of documents, tell us much more about the Spanish and European men-at-arms than the members of the other groups. Even for the large majority of the junior officers and enlisted men, we know little more than their names. Only with the captains, senior officers, and hidalgos do the documents tell us much about their movements and whereabouts during the expedition. We are left, then, with the names of fewer than three dozen people who we can be sure or reasonably sure came to Texas with Coronado, and this subset is not at all representative of the whole. We also have another list of some 320 names that make up a group of people of whom most of its members surely visited Texas, but about whom we cannot say with certainty about any specific individual. The names of the other 1,500 to 1,700 people who traveled across the High Plains and Panhandle regions of Texas in the summer of 1541 will probably never be known.